1st Edition
Radar Imaging for Maritime Observation
Based on the experiences of the Department of Information Engineering of the University of Pisa and the Radar and Surveillance System (RaSS) national laboratory of the National Interuniversity Consortium of Telecommunication (CNIT), Radar Imaging for Maritime Observation presents the most recent results in radar imaging for maritime observation. The book explores both the areas of sea surface remote sensing and maritime surveillance providing key theoretical concepts of SAR and ISAR imaging and more advanced and ad-hoc techniques for applications in maritime scenarios. The book is organized in two sections. The first section discusses the fundamentals of standard SAR/ISAR processing and novel imaging techniques, such as Bistatic, Passive, and, 3D Interferometric ISAR. The second section focuses on the applications and results obtained by processing real data from maritime observations like SAR image processing for oil spill, detection in SAR images and fractal analysis. Useful to both beginners and experts in maritime observation, this book provides several examples of (mainly space-borne) radar imaging of maritime targets. Nevertheless, the same principles and techniques apply to the case of manned or unmanned carriers and to ground and air moving targets.
PART I - SAR and ISAR Signal Processing
Principles of Radar Imaging
High Resolution Radars
High Range Resolution
High Cross-Range Resolution
ISAR versus SAR
Received Signal Model
Conclusions
SAR Processing
SAR Imaging Introduction
SAR Signal Modeling
SAR Image Formation Techniques
Range Doppler Algorithm
Polar-Format
Omega-K
Back-Projection
Chirp Scaling
Conclusions
ISAR Processing
ISAR Signal Model
ISAR Image Formation Chain
Image Formation
Time Window Selection
Motion Compensation
Image Contrast Based Autofocus
Image Entropy Based Autofocus
Dominant Scatterer Autofocus
Phase Gradient Autofocus
Image Scaling
ISAR Parameters Setting
Conclusions
Bistatic ISAR
Bistatic Geometry and Signal Modeling
Bistatically Equivalent Monostatic Approximation
Bistatic ISAR Image Formation and Point Spread Function
Range Compression
Doppler Image Formation.
Bistatic Distortion: Worst Case.
Bistatic Image Projection Plane and Elective Rotation Vector
Bistatic E_ective Rotation Vector
Cross-Range Unit Vector: Further Analysis
Bistatic Linear Distortion: Further Analysis
B-ISAR in the Presence of Phase Synchronization Errors
Signal Modeling in the Presence of Synchronization Errors
Radial Motion Compensation in the Presence of Synchronization Errors
B-ISAR Image Formation in the Presence
Range Compression
Cross-Range Compression
Comments on the Bistatic PSF in the Presence of Synchronization Errors
Distortion Analysis
Linear Distortions Analysis
Quadratic Distortions Analysis
Cubic Distortions Analysis
Conclusions
Passive ISAR
Passive Radar Signal Processing Chain
Range Doppler Map Formation
Optimum CAF Calculation via the Batch Algorithm
Batch Algorithm Implementation
Performance Analysis
Passive ISAR Theory
Passive ISAR Signal Processing Chain
P-ISAR Signal Modeling
P-ISAR Imaging
Performances Analysis
Illuminators of Opportunity Analysis DVB-T Case Study
Conclusions
3D Interferometric ISAR
Multi-Channel ISAR Signal Model
System Geometry
Received Signal Modeling
3D InISAR Image Formation Chain
Multi-Channel Autofocusing Technique
Phase Compensation for Squinted Geometry
Multi-Channel CLEAN Technique
Signal Separation
Feature Extraction
3D Image Reconstruction
Joint Estimation of the Angle
Performance Analysis
Scatterers Realignment
Soft Assignment
Performance Indicators
Simulation Results
Simulation Set-Up
Conclusions
PART II - Applications
Detection of Ships from SAR Images
Algorithm Description
Pre-Processing: Wavelet Correlator
Detector
S-Detector
W-CFAR
Post-Processing
Experimental Results
Case Study #1
Pre-Processing Results
Detection Results
Case Study #2
Pre-Processing Results
Detection Results
Case Study #3
Pre-Processing Results
Detection Results
Oil Spill Detection with SAR Images
Speckle Noise Reduction
Morphologic Image Enhancement
Segmentation
Oil Spill Classification
Self-Similar Random Process Models
Stationary Long-Range and Short- Range Dependence Processes
Long-Range Self-Similar Processes
FARIMA Model Description
FEXP Model Description
Spectral Densities of FARIMA and FEXP Processes
Fractional Parameters Method Description
Estimation of Mean Radial PSD
Estimation of the Fractional Differencing Parameter
Estimation of the ARMA Parameters and FARIMA Model
Estimation of EXP Parameters and FEXP Model
Oil Spill Shape
Data Analysis
Non-Cooperative Moving Target Imaging
ISAR from SAR Processing Chain
Moving Targets Detection
Time-Windowing Enabling
Sub-Image Inversion
Inverse Range Doppler
Inverse Polar Format
Inverse Chirp Scaling
ISAR from SAR: Results
EMISAR Dataset
COSMO SKY-MED: Istanbul Dataset
COSMO SKY-MED: Messina Dataset
COSMO SKY-MED: South Africa Dataset
COSMO SKY-MED Dataset 4: Cooperative Target
First Acquisition
Second Acquisition
Passive ISAR for Harbor Protection and Surveillance
Passive Bistatic ISAR Processing Chain
Passive ISAR Results
First Case Study
Second Case Study
Conclusions
Blue Port Traffic Monitoring via 3D InISAR Radar Imaging System
System Architecture
System's Signal Processing Chain
Experimental Results
Experimental Set-up Description
Results
Conclusions
Biography
Fabrizio Berizzi received the Electronic Engineering Laurea and PhD degrees from the University of Pisa (Italy) in 1990 and 1994 respectively. He has been a full Professor of the Univ. of Pisa since Nov. 2009. He teaches "Radar techniques", "Signal Theory" at the Univ. of Pisa", and "Digital signal processing" at the Italian Navy Academic. He is a IEEE Senior member since 2006. He has been working on ISAR, SAR and radar systems since 1990. More than 200 papers, three chapters of books and a book on radar imaging have been published. Since 1992 Prof. Berizzi has been involved in several scientific projects as a Principal Investigator funded by Univ. Ministry, Defence Ministry, Italian and European Space Agencies, Industries, Tuscany region, ESA (European Space Agency), European Defense Agency. Prof. FabrizioBerizzi is the vice-director of the (Radar and Surveillance Systems) National Laboratory of CNIT since Dec. 2010.
Marco Martorella received his Laurea degree in Telecommunication Engineering in 1999 (cum laude) and his PhD in Remote Sensing in 2003, both at the University of Pisa. He is now an Associate Professor at the Department of Information Engineering of the University of Pisa where he lectures "Fundamentals of Radar" and "Digital Communications" and an external Professor at the University of Cape Town where he lectures "High Resolution and Imaging Radar" within the "Masters in Radar and Electronic Defence". He is a regular visiting Professor at the University of Adelaide and at the University of Queensland in Australia. He is author of about 150 international journal and conference papers, three book chapters and a book entitled "Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging: Principles, Algorithms and Applications". He has presented several tutorials at international radar conferences and organised a special issue on Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar for the Journal of Applied Signal Processing. He is a member of the IET Radar Sonar and Navigation Editorial Board, a senior member of the IEEE and a member of AFCEA. He is also chair of the NATO SET-196 on "Multichannel/Multistatic radar imaging of non-cooperative targets" and co-chair of the NATO ET-093 on "Robust compressive sensing techniques for radar and ESM applications". He has been recipient of the 2008 Italy-Australia Award for young researchers, the 2010 Best Reviewer for the IEEE GRSL and the IEEE 2013 Fred Nathanson Memorial Radar Award. His research interests are mainly in the field of radar imaging, including passive, multichannel, multistatic and polarimetric radar imaging.
Elisa Giusti received the Telecommunication Engineering Laurea (cum laude) and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Pisa (Italy) in 2006 and 2010, respectively. She is a researcher at the RaSS(Radar and Surveillance System) National Laboratory of CNIT (National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications). She has been involved as a researcher in several projects funded by Italian ministries (Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Economic Development, etc.) and European organisations (EDA, ESA) since 2009. She is a co-author of several papers and a book chapter. Her research interests are mainly in the field of radar imaging, including active, passive, bistatic and multistatic, polarimetric radar.
The cutting-edge research results on maritime radar imaging, many of them found by the authors themselves, are summarized in this book…including the only recently developed concepts of bistatic and passive ISAR…. The well-structured texts, supported by the comprehensible application of the underlying mathematics and explanatory illustrations make this book a valuable tool for both, radar engineers and university students.
- Stefan Brisken - Institute for High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques FHR GermanyThis book addresses, with a very comprehensive and clear approach, one of the most important and promising application fields for radar imaging: the maritime domain. The reader finds here everything needed, from technological and application stand point, for dealing with these complex RADAR systems, the data they produce and the services derived.
-Luca Pietranera - e-GEOS - Italy